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No, COVID-19 vaccines don’t contain bacteria and HIV; the vaccines enhance the body’s ability to respond to pathogens, not reduce it

COVID-19 vaccination reduces the risk of infection and disease by training the ability of the immune system to respond to the virus SARS-CoV-2. After vaccination, different types of white blood cells expand in number, such as antibody-producing B cells, enabling the immune system to mount a protective response against the virus. COVID-19 vaccines don’t contain bacteria or HIV.

There is no evidence that dietary supplements containing zinc and a zinc ionophore, such as the one promoted by Vladimir Zelenko, are effective against COVID-19

The combination of zinc and a zinc ionophore has been promoted as a way to treat COVID-19, including by family physician Vladimir Zelenko who is selling a dietary supplement called Z-Stack. However, while a 2010 paper found that the combination of zinc and a zinc ionophore can limit coronavirus replication in cells in a lab, there is no evidence that this combination works in humans. Zelenko also claims that vitamin D3 can boost immunity. But while some studies have detected an association between low levels of vitamin D and a higher risk of catching COVID-19 and/or worse COVID-19 outcomes, there is no evidence that taking vitamin D supplements boosts immunity.

COVID-19 vaccines aren’t associated with a higher risk of pregnancy complication, contrary to claim by Daniel Horowitz

While pregnant women were first excluded from clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccines, observational data from many countries now show that COVID-19 vaccines don’t affect pregnancy outcomes. Pregnancy places someone at a higher risk of getting severe COVID-19, and the infection increases the risk of pregnancy complications, including perinatal death. Therefore, COVID-19 vaccination offers benefits to pregnant women.

No, a study from Denmark didn’t find that COVID-19 vaccines make people more prone to infection; biases in the study likely led to underestimated vaccine effectiveness

Scientific studies have shown that COVID-19 vaccination provides people with a high level of protection against severe illness and death, even in the face of the Omicron variant. Vaccination can also reduce a person’s risk of infection to some extent, although this protection is less effective against the Omicron variant compared to earlier reported variants. However, a booster dose can help to bolster waning immunity.

CDC director’s comments that 75% of COVID-19 deaths are among people with four comorbidities applies only to vaccinated people

COVID-19 vaccines provide a high level of protection against severe disease. The small number of severe cases and deaths among vaccinated adults is dominated by those who have multiple risk factors. These people were at very high risk of severe COVID-19 from the start of the pandemic, and while the vaccines have brought down their risk considerably, they still remain at higher risk than other vaccinated people who don’t have the same risk factors. Unvaccinated people have approximately ten times the risk of hospitalization and death due to COVID-19.

The scientific evidence shows that COVID-19 vaccination reduces the risk of infection and mortality; analysis of cases and deaths from 145 countries is methodologically flawed

Ecological studies compare aggregate data from whole groups or populations and seek correlations between exposure to a potential risk factor and the frequency of disease. They are relatively quick and inexpensive to do compared to studies such as randomized controlled trials. However, there are also important pitfalls to ecological studies. For example, it’s difficult to account for confounding factors in the study, which are variables that affect the outcome of an experiment, but aren’t the variables being studied in the experiment. As such, it is challenging to draw causal inferences solely from an ecological study.

Contrary to claim in Washington Times op-ed, COVID-19 shots meet the definition of a vaccine

The COVID-19 vaccines safely prompt an immune response that protects individuals from both infection, and to a greater extent, severe COVID-19 disease, even against new variants like Omicron. These are all hallmarks of a vaccine, which means that the COVID-19 vaccines are indeed vaccines. Additionally, the majority of vaccines routinely used, such as the rotavirus and polio vaccines, don’t prevent 100% of infections. In spite of this, these vaccines still effectively reduce the burden of infectious diseases on the world’s population.

Contrary to Peter McCullough’s claim, getting vaccinated is safer than getting COVID-19, in spite of rare cases of myocarditis

Although cases of myocarditis have been reported following mRNA vaccination against COVID-19, the cases are rare, usually mild and patients rapidly recover. In contrast, COVID-19 is associated with a higher rate of myocarditis with potential risks of clinical complications. Overall, based on all scientific evidence available, the benefits of vaccines largely outweigh their risks.

Joe Rogan interview with Peter McCullough contains multiple false and unsubstantiated claims about the COVID-19 pandemic and vaccines

To date, more than 241 million people in the U.S. have received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. Clinical trials as well as the safety monitoring of COVID-19 vaccination campaigns provide overwhelming evidence that the vaccines’ benefits far outweigh their risks. There’s no evidence indicating that the amount of spike protein generated by mRNA vaccination is dangerous. The use of multiple doses of COVID-19 vaccines isn’t unusual or unprecedented; some childhood vaccines that have been used for decades also require four or more doses for complete immunization.

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